10. E-TEXTILES AND WEARABLES PART 2

ARDUINO

If you need to download you can click here

At the beginning it is necessary to configure the board and the port of the arduino that we are using

26-10. we start this assignment with Liza Stark presentation

First of all, define an Actuator: is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy. The control signal is relatively low energy and may be electric voltage or current, pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or even human power. Its main energy source may be an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure. When it receives a control signal, an actuator responds by converting the signal's energy into mechanical motion. Actuator could be visual, sound, motion.

ACTUATOR VISUAL

  • Leds: Through hole, surface mount, sewable. Circuit arduino: need 220 0hm resistor for each
  • Neopixels: RGB leds . adafruit
  • Fiber optics: Two types, End emittting or side emitting
  • Thermochromic Ink: Or pigments change state in the presence of heat. Once they reach a temperature, the inks become colorless. Pigments can be mixed with different substrates like paint, glue, Polymorph, etc.

Thermochromic Ink Test 6: 12.7 Ohms

Thermochromic Ink Test 5: 2.6 Ohms

How its works

You can control this change using body heat, a hair dryer, etc. You can also use the heat generated by electricity by running current through a heating element.

Thermochromic variables

  • PIGMENT

What amount of pigment will you use? If you have a higher ratio of pigment to base, it may take more time and/or energy to change.

  • BASE

If it is powder, what will you mix it with? Different bases will affect the transformation time. You can combine different colors to create different effects.

  • SUBSTRATE

What material will you apply it too? For example, tracing paper reacts more quickly than canvas.

  • APPLICATION

How will you apply it? Paint brush? Silk screen? The uniformity will determine how evenly it changes.

  • AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

What is the room temperature? If the room is already warm, it will impact your pigment (e.g. summer is not the best time for thermochromic projects).

ME AND JUANFE PLAYING WITH THERMOCHROMIC

  • CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL

What is the resistance? You want your conductive material to have just the right amount of resistance. Too high and it won’t change. Too low and you might create a short circuit. (See the worksheet on calculating Ohm’s law for a heat circuit)

HEATING ELEMENTS

  • Stainless steel conductive thread: Higher resistance and can take a good amount of heat.
  • Karl Grimm conductive thread: Lower resistance - make sure you have at least 2.5 ohms of resistance.
  • Conductive fabrics: Most have a very low resistance, so you need to use enough to create some resistance.
  • Nichrome wire or flexinol: Medium resistance, high heat tolerance.

Thermochromic tapestry

ACTUATOR SOUND

Sound is a type of energy made when something vibrates. If you hit a drum (or any other object), the air particles around it vibrate. The air carries this energy in all directions in the form of sound waves. When these waves of vibrating particles reach your ears, it causes the hair in your ears to vibrate, which your brain reads as sound. You can create a temporary magnet by running current through a wire. This is called an electromagnet. By coiling the wire, you can create a stronger field and start attracting objects.

Claire Williams kobakant

ACTUATOR MOTION

  • Shape Memory Alloy
  • Flip Dots
  • Vibration Motors

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are metals that change shape when they are heated to a certain temp. They behave like regular metals when cool and return to preset shape when heated.

Flexinol from Liza Stark on Vimeo.

It is very useful to draw a scheme when we work with wearables, it becomes a little more playful as if it were a game, so you know where each piece goes. In my case I was doing it while building the circuit, but it is better to make it previusly in a paper. Here it is:

STATES:

Untrained flexinol will contract by 10% of its length when heat is applied. Trained flexinol also contracts by 10% but has been “trained” into a shape through a heating process. When heated, it will return to the shape you trained it to.

VARIABLES:

Material Substrates

Generally any lighter weight paper or fabric will yield best results. For example, paper, cotton, silk, etc (not polyester!).

Diameter Size

The higher the diameter of the wire, the more power you will need to change its state.

Length

The resistance increases as the length increases.

SMOCKING EXAMPLE

Luttergill: kinetic skorpion dress

Origami: Input/output self-folding paper

Flexinol 0.012”, leather and Arduino heat controlling circuit

Flexinol 0.012", leather and Arduino heat controlling circuit from Afrdt on Vimeo.

Afroditi Psarra and Dafni Papadopoulou - The Culture Dress

Afroditi Psarra and Dafni Papadopoulou - The Culture Dress from WeMake on Vimeo.

FLIP DOTS

HOW ITS WORKS?

The magnetic hematite bead flips back and forth when we run current through the coil. It creates an electromagnetic field that attracts or repels the bead based on the direction of the current. One coil Switch the leads between the positive and negative terminals of a battery. Two coils Attach one lead of each coil to ground. Take turns touching the other leads of each coil to power to make the bead flip.

We can apply this same idea to create movement in other ways.

VIBRATION MOTORS

HOW ITS WORKS?

  • Small motors that vibrate!
  • Voltage: 2V - 5V
  • 5V current draw: 100mA
  • 3V current draw: 60mA

There are two TYPES of vibration motors:

1) Eccentric Rotating Mass (ERM) and Linear Resonant Actuator (LRA). You will probably be using ERMs. 2) ERM vibe motors have an off-centre load that causes vibrations when it rotates.

VIBRATION MOTORS PROJECTS

HUG SHIRT

EMBODISUIT

TACTILE DIALOGUES

NADI X PRODUCT

Nadi X Product Video from Wearable X on Vimeo.

ATTINY require smaller program and can’t store as much data.But they’re fine for our purposes of this week

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.

The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator.[1] This name and its cognates are still widely used in many languages, but rarely in English, one notable exception being condenser microphones, also called capacitor microphones.

The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many types of capacitor are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although real-life capacitors do dissipate a small amount. (See Non-ideal behavior) When an electric potential, a voltage, is applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a capacitor is connected across a battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows through the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases. If a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.

ASSIGNMENT

Create a swatch using an ATtiny with one input and one output, using hard-soft connection solutions and battery Create 2 actuator swatches. Test them with the Arduino or ATtiny.

SHAPE MEMORY PROCESS

IMG_4892 from lucrecia strano on Vimeo.

ACTUATOR SOUND

MARIO BROSS

Mario Bross Wearables from lucrecia strano on Vimeo.

ARDUINO CODE MARIO BROSS

/*
  Arduino Mario Bros Tunes
  With Piezo Buzzer and PWM

  Connect the positive side of the Buzzer to pin 3,
  then the negative side to a 1k ohm resistor. Connect
  the other side of the 1 k ohm resistor to
  ground(GND) pin on the Arduino.

  by: Dipto Pratyaksa
  last updated: 31/3/13
*/

/*************************************************
 * Public Constants
 *************************************************/

#define NOTE_B0  31
#define NOTE_C1  33
#define NOTE_CS1 35
#define NOTE_D1  37
#define NOTE_DS1 39
#define NOTE_E1  41
#define NOTE_F1  44
#define NOTE_FS1 46
#define NOTE_G1  49
#define NOTE_GS1 52
#define NOTE_A1  55
#define NOTE_AS1 58
#define NOTE_B1  62
#define NOTE_C2  65
#define NOTE_CS2 69
#define NOTE_D2  73
#define NOTE_DS2 78
#define NOTE_E2  82
#define NOTE_F2  87
#define NOTE_FS2 93
#define NOTE_G2  98
#define NOTE_GS2 104
#define NOTE_A2  110
#define NOTE_AS2 117
#define NOTE_B2  123
#define NOTE_C3  131
#define NOTE_CS3 139
#define NOTE_D3  147
#define NOTE_DS3 156
#define NOTE_E3  165
#define NOTE_F3  175
#define NOTE_FS3 185
#define NOTE_G3  196
#define NOTE_GS3 208
#define NOTE_A3  220
#define NOTE_AS3 233
#define NOTE_B3  247
#define NOTE_C4  262
#define NOTE_CS4 277
#define NOTE_D4  294
#define NOTE_DS4 311
#define NOTE_E4  330
#define NOTE_F4  349
#define NOTE_FS4 370
#define NOTE_G4  392
#define NOTE_GS4 415
#define NOTE_A4  440
#define NOTE_AS4 466
#define NOTE_B4  494
#define NOTE_C5  523
#define NOTE_CS5 554
#define NOTE_D5  587
#define NOTE_DS5 622
#define NOTE_E5  659
#define NOTE_F5  698
#define NOTE_FS5 740
#define NOTE_G5  784
#define NOTE_GS5 831
#define NOTE_A5  880
#define NOTE_AS5 932
#define NOTE_B5  988
#define NOTE_C6  1047
#define NOTE_CS6 1109
#define NOTE_D6  1175
#define NOTE_DS6 1245
#define NOTE_E6  1319
#define NOTE_F6  1397
#define NOTE_FS6 1480
#define NOTE_G6  1568
#define NOTE_GS6 1661
#define NOTE_A6  1760
#define NOTE_AS6 1865
#define NOTE_B6  1976
#define NOTE_C7  2093
#define NOTE_CS7 2217
#define NOTE_D7  2349
#define NOTE_DS7 2489
#define NOTE_E7  2637
#define NOTE_F7  2794
#define NOTE_FS7 2960
#define NOTE_G7  3136
#define NOTE_GS7 3322
#define NOTE_A7  3520
#define NOTE_AS7 3729
#define NOTE_B7  3951
#define NOTE_C8  4186
#define NOTE_CS8 4435
#define NOTE_D8  4699
#define NOTE_DS8 4978

#define melodyPin 3
//Mario main theme melody
int melody[] = {
  NOTE_E7, NOTE_E7, 0, NOTE_E7,
  0, NOTE_C7, NOTE_E7, 0,
  NOTE_G7, 0, 0,  0,
  NOTE_G6, 0, 0, 0,

  NOTE_C7, 0, 0, NOTE_G6,
  0, 0, NOTE_E6, 0,
  0, NOTE_A6, 0, NOTE_B6,
  0, NOTE_AS6, NOTE_A6, 0,

  NOTE_G6, NOTE_E7, NOTE_G7,
  NOTE_A7, 0, NOTE_F7, NOTE_G7,
  0, NOTE_E7, 0, NOTE_C7,
  NOTE_D7, NOTE_B6, 0, 0,

  NOTE_C7, 0, 0, NOTE_G6,
  0, 0, NOTE_E6, 0,
  0, NOTE_A6, 0, NOTE_B6,
  0, NOTE_AS6, NOTE_A6, 0,

  NOTE_G6, NOTE_E7, NOTE_G7,
  NOTE_A7, 0, NOTE_F7, NOTE_G7,
  0, NOTE_E7, 0, NOTE_C7,
  NOTE_D7, NOTE_B6, 0, 0
};
//Mario main them tempo
int tempo[] = {
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,

  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,

  9, 9, 9,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,

  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,

  9, 9, 9,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
};
//Underworld melody
int underworld_melody[] = {
  NOTE_C4, NOTE_C5, NOTE_A3, NOTE_A4,
  NOTE_AS3, NOTE_AS4, 0,
  0,
  NOTE_C4, NOTE_C5, NOTE_A3, NOTE_A4,
  NOTE_AS3, NOTE_AS4, 0,
  0,
  NOTE_F3, NOTE_F4, NOTE_D3, NOTE_D4,
  NOTE_DS3, NOTE_DS4, 0,
  0,
  NOTE_F3, NOTE_F4, NOTE_D3, NOTE_D4,
  NOTE_DS3, NOTE_DS4, 0,
  0, NOTE_DS4, NOTE_CS4, NOTE_D4,
  NOTE_CS4, NOTE_DS4,
  NOTE_DS4, NOTE_GS3,
  NOTE_G3, NOTE_CS4,
  NOTE_C4, NOTE_FS4, NOTE_F4, NOTE_E3, NOTE_AS4, NOTE_A4,
  NOTE_GS4, NOTE_DS4, NOTE_B3,
  NOTE_AS3, NOTE_A3, NOTE_GS3,
  0, 0, 0
};
//Underwolrd tempo
int underworld_tempo[] = {
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 6,
  3,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 6,
  3,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 6,
  3,
  12, 12, 12, 12,
  12, 12, 6,
  6, 18, 18, 18,
  6, 6,
  6, 6,
  6, 6,
  18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18,
  10, 10, 10,
  10, 10, 10,
  3, 3, 3
};

void setup(void)
{
  pinMode(3, OUTPUT);//buzzer
  pinMode(13, OUTPUT);//led indicator when singing a note

}
void loop()
{
  //sing the tunes
  sing(1);
  sing(1);
  sing(2);
}
int song = 0;

void sing(int s) {
  // iterate over the notes of the melody:
  song = s;
  if (song == 2) {
    Serial.println(" 'Underworld Theme'");
    int size = sizeof(underworld_melody) / sizeof(int);
    for (int thisNote = 0; thisNote < size; thisNote++) {

      // to calculate the note duration, take one second
      // divided by the note type.
      //e.g. quarter note = 1000 / 4, eighth note = 1000/8, etc.
      int noteDuration = 1000 / underworld_tempo[thisNote];

      buzz(melodyPin, underworld_melody[thisNote], noteDuration);

      // to distinguish the notes, set a minimum time between them.
      // the note's duration + 30% seems to work well:
      int pauseBetweenNotes = noteDuration * 1.30;
      delay(pauseBetweenNotes);

      // stop the tone playing:
      buzz(melodyPin, 0, noteDuration);

    }

  } else {

    Serial.println(" 'Mario Theme'");
    int size = sizeof(melody) / sizeof(int);
    for (int thisNote = 0; thisNote < size; thisNote++) {

      // to calculate the note duration, take one second
      // divided by the note type.
      //e.g. quarter note = 1000 / 4, eighth note = 1000/8, etc.
      int noteDuration = 1000 / tempo[thisNote];

      buzz(melodyPin, melody[thisNote], noteDuration);

      // to distinguish the notes, set a minimum time between them.
      // the note's duration + 30% seems to work well:
      int pauseBetweenNotes = noteDuration * 1.30;
      delay(pauseBetweenNotes);

      // stop the tone playing:
      buzz(melodyPin, 0, noteDuration);

    }
  }
}

void buzz(int targetPin, long frequency, long length) {
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  long delayValue = 1000000 / frequency / 2; // calculate the delay value between transitions
  //// 1 second's worth of microseconds, divided by the frequency, then split in half since
  //// there are two phases to each cycle
  long numCycles = frequency * length / 1000; // calculate the number of cycles for proper timing
  //// multiply frequency, which is really cycles per second, by the number of seconds to
  //// get the total number of cycles to produce
  for (long i = 0; i < numCycles; i++) { // for the calculated length of time...
    digitalWrite(targetPin, HIGH); // write the buzzer pin high to push out the diaphram
    delayMicroseconds(delayValue); // wait for the calculated delay value
    digitalWrite(targetPin, LOW); // write the buzzer pin low to pull back the diaphram
    delayMicroseconds(delayValue); // wait again or the calculated delay value
  }
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);

}g

EYES OF TIGER ROCKY BALBOA

ARDUINO CODE EYES OF TIGER 

//Plays "Eye of the Tiger" Intro 
//for public use and alteration.  Enjoy
  int bellPin = 3;

  void setup(){
    pinMode(bellPin, OUTPUT);
  }
  void loop(){
    digitalWrite(bellPin, HIGH);

  tone(bellPin, 988, 250);
  delay(1000);
  tone(bellPin, 988, 250);
  delay(400);
  tone(bellPin, 880, 250);
  delay(400);
  tone(bellPin, 988, 250);
  delay(1000);

  tone(bellPin, 988, 250);
  delay(400);
  tone(bellPin, 880, 250);
  delay(400);
  tone(bellPin, 988, 250);
  delay(1000);

  tone(bellPin, 988, 250);
  delay(400);
  tone(bellPin, 880, 250);
  delay(400);
  tone(bellPin, 784, 1000);
  delay(1000);
  tone(bellPin, 880, 1000);
  delay(1000);
  //replays loop
  }