10. Textile Scaffold

Research

Textile scaffolds are integral to the fields of biomaterials and wearable technology, offering flexible, lightweight, and adaptable structures that support a range of applications, from medical devices to fashion.

In biofabrication, textile scaffolds can mimic natural tissue structures, facilitating cell growth and tissue regeneration, while in wearable technology, they offer a foundation for embedding sensors, conductive threads, and interactive components.

Key Concepts

• Textile Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: These scaffolds are used in regenerative medicine to create structures that support cell growth, repair damaged tissues, or encourage new tissue formation. They provide a physical matrix that mimics the extracellular matrix (ECM) of biological tissues.

• Smart Textiles and Wearables: Textile scaffolds can be used to create fabrics integrated with electronic components for health monitoring, environmental sensing, and human-computer interaction. These materials can incorporate conductive fibers, sensors, and flexible electronics.

Properties of Textile Scaffolds

• Biocompatibility: Textile scaffolds must be compatible with biological tissues, ensuring they do not trigger immune responses or toxicity.

• Flexibility and Stretchability: They must be flexible and stretchable to accommodate body movements, making them suitable for wearable applications.

• Porosity: High porosity allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products, which is particularly important in medical applications, such as wound healing or tissue engineering.

• Mechanical Strength: The scaffold needs to have enough strength to support biological cells or electronic components but must still remain lightweight.

References & Inspiration

Nabat

For the crystallization process, I was profoundly inspired by Nabat, a traditional Iranian sweet that has been cherished for centuries. Historically, Nabat holds deep cultural and medicinal significance in Persian culture, symbolizing warmth, hospitality, and health. It is often served during celebrations and ceremonies, embodying the sweetness of life and the spirit of togetherness. Beyond its cultural importance, Nabat was used in traditional medicine to alleviate ailments such as stomach discomfort and sore throats, making it both a delicacy and a remedy.

Crafted through a mesmerizing crystallization process, Nabat forms intricate sugar crystals over time, often on a stick or thread, creating geometric patterns that are both beautiful and functional. This process, grounded in the scientific principles of nucleation and crystal growth, resonated with me deeply. I was particularly captivated by the delicate balance of environmental factors—saturation, temperature, and time—that influence the final crystalline structures.

Inspired by this fusion of art, science, and tradition, I sought to replicate the essence of Nabat in my work. My exploration embraced the same meticulous control over variables to create crystalline forms, translating the organic beauty of Nabat into a modern scientific and artistic context. This endeavor not only pays homage to the rich Iranian heritage but also bridges the past and present through the universal language of design and experimentation.

Carpet

Carpet is not typically categorized as a textile scaffold in the scientific or medical sense.

A textile scaffold refers to a three-dimensional framework designed to support cell growth and tissue regeneration, often made from biocompatible and biodegradable materials in biomedical applications like tissue engineering.

These scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix and are used to guide the development of new tissue.

While carpets and textile scaffolds share similarities in being made from interwoven fibers, their purposes and material properties differ significantly.

Carolina De Lara

Carolina De Lara's innovative project profoundly inspired my exploration of textile scaffolds.
Her approach to merging textile techniques with biological frameworks illuminated new possibilities in designing structures that mimic natural forms.

By integrating traditional weaving and braiding methods with cutting-edge biocompatible materials, she demonstrated how textiles could transcend their conventional boundaries to play a pivotal role in tissue engineering.
This fusion of art and science resonated deeply with me, guiding my conceptual and practical approach to creating scaffolds that embody both structural complexity and biological functionality.

Process and workflow

Crystallization

Preparing the Solution

1. Choose the Solvent
   • Select an appropriate solvent in which your material is soluble when hot but only sparingly soluble when cold.
   • Example: Water for sugar or salt; alcohol for organic compounds.

1. Dissolve the Solute
   • Heat the solvent gently and gradually add the solute while stirring until no more dissolves. This creates a saturated solution.

1. Filter the Solution
   • Use filter paper to remove insoluble impurities.
   • Perform this step while the solution is hot to prevent premature crystallization.

Cooling the Solution

1. Slow Cooling
   • Allow the solution to cool slowly to room temperature. Rapid cooling may lead to small or imperfect crystals.
   • For larger crystals, transfer the solution to a cooler area or refrigerate after initial cooling.

1. Seed Crystals (Optional)
   • Add a small "seed crystal" of the solute to initiate crystallization if the process does not start naturally.

Crystal Formation

1. Observation
   • Watch as crystals begin to form. This typically occurs as the solution becomes supersaturated.

1. Harvest the Crystals

   • Once the desired amount of crystallization is complete, collect the crystals using a filter.

2. Wash the Crystals

   • Rinse the crystals with a small amount of cold solvent to remove impurities.
   • Avoid using warm solvent as it may dissolve the crystals.

Drying the Crystals

1. Air Drying
   • Spread the crystals on filter paper and leave them to dry in a well-ventilated area.

1. Oven Drying (Low Heat)
   • For faster drying, use an oven at low temperatures, ensuring the crystals do not decompose.

Tips for Successful Crystallization

Purity of Solvent and Solute: Impurities can disrupt the crystal lattice, leading to imperfect crystals. Ensure all materials are as pure as possible.

1. Temperature Control: Gradual cooling is key to forming well-defined crystals.
2. Avoid Disturbance: Once the solution is cooling, avoid agitation, which can lead to irregular or premature crystallization.
3. Supersaturation: A critical factor for crystallization. Achieving and maintaining a supersaturated solution encourages crystal growth.
4. Use of Additives: In some cases, additives like salt can enhance the nucleation process for better crystal formation.

Effective Features Influencing Crystallization

1. Saturation Level

   • The concentration of the solute must reach a supersaturated state for crystals to form effectively.

2. Cooling Rate

   • Slow cooling favors the formation of larger, more uniform crystals.

3. Nucleation Sites

   • Dust, scratches on the container, or intentional seed crystals can act as starting points for crystal growth.

4. Temperature Gradients

   • A controlled temperature drop ensures systematic and even crystal development.

5. Solvent Evaporation

   • Allowing the solvent to evaporate over time can also induce crystallization.

6. Agitation

   • Gentle stirring can promote uniform distribution of solute molecules, but excessive movement can hinder orderly crystal formation.

Leather molding

Step 1: Prepare the Wooden Mold

1. Inspect the Mold

   • Check the mold for any rough edges, cracks, or splinters.
   • Sand down any uneven surfaces to ensure a smooth finish.

2. Seal the Mold (Optional)

   • If the mold is unsealed, apply a food-safe wood sealer or oil (like mineral oil or beeswax).
   • Let it dry completely to prevent the puree from soaking into the wood.

3. Clean the Mold

   • Wash the mold with warm, soapy water.
   • Dry thoroughly to avoid moisture affecting the fruit leather.

4. Moisturize the Mold Surface

   • Lightly spray water on the mold to prevent the fruit leather from cracking during shaping.

Step 2: Prepare the fruit lather

1. Select Suitable fruit lather

   • Choose thin, pliable fruit lather that can adapt to the mold's shape without tearing.

2. Moisturize the fruit lather

   • Spray a fine mist of water over the fruit lather to soften it.
   • Let it sit for a few moments to absorb the moisture, making it easier to mold.

Step 3: Shape the fruit lather in the Mold

1. Position the Fruit lather

   • Gently press the softened fruit lather into the mold, ensuring it conforms to the mold's contours.

2. Trim Excess Fruit lather

   • Use scissors or a knife to trim any excess fruit lather , leaving clean edges.

3. Smooth the Surface

   • Press down firmly but gently to avoid air pockets and ensure the fruit lather adheres to the mold.

Step 4: Dry the Molded fruit lather

1. Choose a Drying Method

   • Place the mold in a dehydrator or oven at a low temperature (~50°C/122°F).
   • Alternatively, air-dry it in a warm, dry environment.

2. Monitor Drying

   • Check periodically to ensure the bread dries evenly without warping.
   • Drying time may vary depending on the method used.

Step 5: Finalizing the Fruit Leather

1. Demold the fruit lather
   • Carefully remove the dried fruit lather from the mold. If it sticks, gently lift the edges using a dull knife or spatula.

Tips for Success

• Hydration Balance: Ensure the Lavash is moist enough to mold but not overly wet.

After successfully molding the fruit leather, I became intrigued by the potential to push this concept further. To explore new possibilities, I decided to integrate a fine lace fabric into the molding process, introducing the texture and structure of the fruit leather.
I began by thoroughly soaking the lace fabric in water to ensure it was flexible and easy to work with. Once prepared, I carefully placed a layer of fruit leather onto the lace, ensuring the fabric completely enveloped the leather from all sides. This layering process allowed the lace to act as a reinforcement for the fruit leather while adding an intricate, decorative element.

I then pressed the layered material into the mold, ensuring it conformed to the desired shape. After allowing the material to dry and set, the result was fascinating. The lace embedded into the fruit leather not only enhanced its aesthetic appeal with delicate patterns but also provided additional structural integrity. This innovative approach demonstrated how traditional materials like lace could be combined with unconventional mediums such as fruit leather to create unique, functional, and visually striking outcomes.
This experiment opened new avenues for exploring how textiles and edible materials could merge, paving the way for further creative exploration in both artistic and functional designs.

• Mold Maintenance: Regularly clean and oil the wooden mold to keep it in good condition.

Insights on Mold Properties and Drying Behavior

1. Moisture-Absorbing Molds
   Molds that can absorb moisture facilitate better drying and improved permeability of materials. This is particularly beneficial for materials requiring gradual moisture removal, ensuring uniform drying and structural integrity.

2. Non-absorbent molds with Embedded Absorbent Materials
   Embedding moisture-absorbent layers or components helps manage evaporation in molds made of non-absorbent materials. This is especially useful for materials like air-dry resins, which rely on effective moisture removal for proper curing.

3. Soft vs. Hard Mold Combinations

   • Soft molds are ideal for shaping rigid materials, offering flexibility and ease of release.
   • Hard molds are better suited for soft materials, providing firm support and maintaining the desired shape during curing or drying.

4. Optimized Mold Placement for Moisture Escape
   Positioning molds to allow excess water and moisture to escape enhances drying efficiency. For example, incorporating drainage pathways or strategically ventilating the mold can significantly improve the process.
   
   By understanding these principles, you can optimize the mold-making and drying process for diverse materials, ensuring high-quality results in applications like resin casting, textiles, or ceramics.

CNC machine

1. Initial Setup in Blender

1. Launch Blender: Open Blender and create a new project by selecting File > New > General.
2. Setup Workspace
   • Switch to the Modeling workspace at the top of the Blender interface.
   • Adjust the units to match your CNC machine requirements:Go to Scene Properties (Properties panel) > Units > Set to Metric or Imperial.

2. Modeling the Design

1. Create Base Shapes

   • Use Shift + A to add base shapes (e.g., Cube, Cylinder, Sphere).
   • Scale and position them using S (Scale), G (Grab/Move), and R (Rotate).

2. Modify Shapes

   • Switch to Edit Mode (Tab key) to manipulate vertices, edges, and faces.
   • Use tools like Extrude (E), Inset (I), and Loop Cut (Ctrl + R) for precise design control.

3. Boolean Operations

   • Combine or subtract shapes using the Boolean Modifier in the Modifiers tab.
   • Example: Subtract one shape from another to create holes or recesses.

4. Apply Modifiers

   • After finishing edits, apply all modifiers to finalize the geometry.
   • Select the object, go to the Modifiers tab, and click Apply.

3. Preparing the Model for CNC

1. Ensure Watertight Geometry

   • Switch to Solid View and inspect the model for any holes or gaps.
   • Use 3D Print Toolbox Add-on (activate it in Edit > Preferences > Add-ons) to check for geometry issues.

2. Scale and Orientation

   • Scale the model to fit the dimensions of your stock material.
   • Orient the model so the top face matches the CNC’s Z-axis.

3. Export for CNC

   • Go to File > Export > STL or OBJ.
   • In the export settings: Set the Scale to match your CNC machine. Enable Selection Only if exporting a specific object.

4. Additional Steps (Optional)

1. Adding Text or Details

   • Use the Text Tool to add engraved or embossed details.
   • Convert text to a mesh with Object > Convert to > Mesh from Curve/Meta/Surf/Text.

2. Material Simulation

   • Apply materials or shaders to visualize the design's appearance (not required for CNC but useful for presentation).

5. Verifying the Model in Fusion 360

1. Import to Fusion 360
   • Open Fusion 360 and upload the exported STL/OBJ file.
   • Verify dimensions and geometry for CNC compatibility.

1. Define Setup Go to Setup:

   • Operation Type: Choose "Milling."
   • Work Coordinate System (WCS): Align the X, Y, and Z axes according to your CNC machine's configuration.
   • Stock Dimensions: Define the stock size, adding a margin for safe cutting.

2. Simulate the CNC Process

   • Perform roughing, finishing, and contour cutting simulations in Fusion 360 to ensure the design works as intended.

6.Creating Toolpaths

Roughing (Pocket Clearing)

1. Choose Tool

   • Select "Pocket Clearing" from the 2D Adaptive or 3D Adaptive Clearing options.
   • From the Fusion Library, select a Flat End Mill (e.g., 1/4 inch).

2. Set Cutting Parameters

   • Spindle Speed: 12,000 RPM.
   • Feed Rate: 1350 mm/min.

3. Define Geometry

   • Use "Selection" to outline the boundary for machining.

4. Depth and Passes

   • Set maximum depth per pass for safe material removal.

5. Simulate and Validate

   • Run the simulation to visualize the toolpath.
     

Finishing (Contour and Detail Cutting)

1. Tool Selection

   • Switch to a Ball End Mill (e.g., 1/8 inch) for smooth finishing.

2. Geometry and Boundary

   • Re-select the machining boundary for detailed contours.

3. Cutting Feedrate

   • Update feedrate to 1500 mm/min for precise finishing.

4. Simulation

   • Validate this step with a second simulation.
     

Final Shape Cutting

1. Tool Setup

   • Use a Flat End Mill (1/4 inch).

2. Cutting Direction

   • Specify climb or conventional cutting based on material.

3. Multiple Depths

   • Enable Multiple Depths to avoid overloading the tool.

4. Stock Offset

   • Set a side offset of 40 mm for additional clearance.

5. Simulation and Adjustment

   • Simulate to confirm the overall toolpath.

7. Generating the G-Code

1. Post-Processing

   • Click Ctrl+G to access the post-processor.
   • Select your CNC machine's specific post-processor settings.

2. Save the Code

   • Export the G-code to a USB drive or directly to the machine's control software.

8. CNC Machine Setup

Machine Preparation

1. Power On and Home the Machine

   • Start the machine and home it to establish the origin.

2. Load Material

   • Secure the stock material on the machine bed using clamps or vacuum fixtures.
   • Ensure it is level and free from debris.

1. Install Tool
   • Insert the correct cutting tool, ensuring it is tight and properly calibrated.

1. Load G-Code

   • Transfer the G-code to the CNC controller.

2. Check Cutting Area

   • Use the machine's jog controls to verify the toolpath aligns with the stock.

1. Run Test Cut
   • Perform a test cut in the air or on a scrap piece to verify settings.

9. Operation and Monitoring

1. Start Machining
   • Begin the operation and stay close to the machine for the duration.

1. Monitor the Process
   • Watch for tool wear, overheating, or irregular vibrations.

1. Pause if Necessary
   • Use the pause or emergency stop button if any issues arise.

Because I selected wax as the molding material, I could leverage its regenerative properties to recover from a mishap during the CNC machining process. While cutting the mold, the CNC machine encountered a problem and cut into the wrong section of the material. Fortunately, the adaptability of wax allowed me to salvage the project without starting from scratch.
Using a heater, I melted the wax in the damaged area and poured it carefully to fill the gap caused by the misstep. Once the wax cooled and solidified, I smoothed it out and ensured it was ready for re-cutting on the CNC machine. This incident highlighted the advantages of choosing a versatile and sustainable material like wax, which not only supports precision machining but also offers a remarkable ability to repair and regenerate.
This approach aligns with environmentally conscious design principles. By minimizing waste and avoiding the need to replace the entire material block, I reduced resource consumption and demonstrated the potential of regenerative materials in iterative design processes. This experience reinforced the importance of material selection in ensuring both project efficiency and ecological responsibility.

10. Finishing

1. Remove the Material

   • Carefully unclamp the material and inspect the cut.

2. Clean the Machine

   • Remove chips, clean the workspace, and ensure tools are stored properly.

3. Post-Processing

   • Sand, polish, or finish the machined part as needed.

Epoxy Resin Molding

1. Prepare the Mold

   • Clean the mold; apply a release agent if necessary.

2. Mix Epoxy

   • Combine resin and hardener in the correct ratio (in my case :100/40); stir to avoid bubbles.

1. Pour and Set

   • Pour slowly into the mold; tap to release bubbles. Optional: add pigments or embellishments.

2. Cure

   • Let cure undisturbed as per instructions (usually hours to days).

3. Demold and Finish

   • Remove cured item; sand or polish edges if needed.

Soap Molding

1. Prepare Mold
   • Use a clean, dry silicone mold for easy release.

1. Melt Soap Base
   • Heat soap base until fully melted.

1. Customize

   • Add colorants or fragrance, mixing evenly.

2. Pour and Cool

   • Pour into mold, tap to remove air bubbles, and let solidify.

3. Demold and Finish

   • Gently remove soap; trim edges if required.

Mold Insight

The mold I designed proved unsuitable for epoxy resin due to the absence of an air passage. This oversight caused uneven drying: the outer parts of the mold dried properly, while the middle and deeper sections remained slow to cure. Additionally, when removing the mold, the upper layer had already hardened, leading to uneven results.

Another issue was the mold's rigidity. It was inflexible and hard, which made it incompatible with epoxy resin—a hard material itself. During demolding, the inflexibility caused damage to the edges of both the epoxy piece and the mold.

Despite these challenges, the mold could work for epoxy or similar hard materials if redesigned without a male part or adjusted to incorporate air vents for even drying. However, this mold performed significantly better for soap, thanks to the differences in the soap’s properties, such as its ability to set and release more easily.

Safety

Here’s an expanded safety table with more detailed precautions for CNC operation, divided into Operator, Space, Machine, and Material Setup categories for clarity:

Category	Precaution	Details	Why It’s Important
Operator	- Stay attentive and close to the machine when operational. -Avoid wearing gloves. -Avoid loose clothing or accessories. -Operate the machine only after proper training. -Do not place hands near the cutting area during operation.	-Always monitor the CNC process to address unexpected issues immediately. -Gloves can get caught in moving parts, leading to severe injuries. -Secure hair and remove jewelry to prevent entanglement. -Understand software, hardware, and safety protocols before use. -Use tools like brushes or vacuums to clear chips and debris.	-Ensures quick response to malfunctions or errors, reducing the risk of accidents. -Keeps hands safe from entanglement hazards. -Reduces risk of entanglement and injury. -Minimizes errors and enhances safety during operation. -Prevents accidental injuries from sharp tools and moving parts.
Space	-Keep the floor clean and free of debris. -Maintain distance from the machine during operation. -Keep the emergency stop button easily accessible. -Provide proper ventilation in the workspace.	-Clear away chips, spills, and materials to prevent slips and falls. -Stand clear of moving parts and allow room for unexpected movements. -Ensure the emergency stop is not obstructed. -CNC machines, especially when cutting certain materials, may emit dust or fumes.	-Ensures a safe working environment for the operator and others. -Reduces the chance of injury from machine movement or flying debris. -Allows quick shutdown in case of malfunction or emergency. -Protects operator health and complies with safety standards.
Machine	-Keep the machine’s closet door closed while in use. -Ensure cutting tools are tight and centered. -Perform regular maintenance and inspections. -Be aware of high-voltage components. -Activate emergency stop during setup or downtime.	-Prevents access to moving parts and contains debris or chips. -Regularly inspect and secure tools before each use. -Check for wear, alignment, and lubrication issues. -Do not touch wiring or panels without turning off power. -Disengages the machine to prevent sudden movement.	-Protects both the operator and bystanders from hazards. -Prevents tool failure and ensures precise cutting. -Extends machine life and maintains performance and safety. -Prevents electrical shock or fire. -Ensures safety during adjustments or non-operational periods.
Material Setup	-Ensure the material is properly secured. -Remove obstacles from the cutting path. -Avoid using unsuitable or damaged materials. -Set appropriate feed rates and cutting speeds for the material. -Verify tool clearance and trajectory before starting the job.	-Use clamps or fixtures to hold materials in place. -Inspect for clamps, nails, or other objects. -Ensure materials are free from voids or defects that might compromise machining. -Reference material-specific recommendations to avoid overheating or tool wear. -Use software simulation or manual checks to confirm the toolpath is correct.	-Prevents shifting, which could cause damage or injury. -Protects tools and ensures a clean cut without interference. -Reduces risk of tool breakage and ensures better machining results. -Enhances precision, tool life, and safety. -Prevents collisions with clamps or the machine bed, protecting the machine and workpiece.

Materials for CNC

Here’s a comprehensive and detailed table for materials commonly used in CNC machining, including their properties, machining techniques, and additional notes:

Material	Description	Machining Recommendations	Tool Type	Special Considerations
ABS	Durable, strong plastic used widely in industrial applications.	Use sharp, single-flute tools; avoid overheating for a smooth finish.	Single-flute end mill	Ensure proper clamping; avoid excessive feed rates to prevent material warping.
Acrylic	Transparent material with excellent weather resistance.	Use carbide tools; apply coolant to prevent melting or cracking.	Carbide-tipped bit	Use lower speeds and light passes to minimize cracking.
Aluminum	Lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal used in numerous applications.	Use multi-flute cutters; ensure lubrication to prevent material sticking to the tool.	2-4 flute carbide end mills	Employ coolant or lubrication to dissipate heat and avoid surface scoring.
Copper	Highly conductive, malleable metal ideal for electrical components.	Employ sharp, single- or double-flute cutters; use cooling for a clean finish.	Single or double-flute carbide end mills	Use slower feed rates to prevent tool wear due to material softness.
Brass	Non-ferrous alloy with excellent machinability.	Use high-speed tools; coolant optional as brass has low adhesion to cutting tools.	HSS or carbide end mills	Suitable for fine detailing and threading due to excellent material workability.
Steel (Mild)	Strong, ductile metal used in structural applications.	Use slower feed rates and sharp tools; lubrication is essential to avoid overheating.	Coated carbide tools	Use cutting fluids to manage heat buildup and prevent tool wear.
Hardened Steel	Heat-treated steel with high strength and hardness.	Use slower speeds with heavy-duty carbide tools; ensure constant lubrication.	Solid carbide or coated inserts	Requires robust clamping due to high cutting forces.
Titanium	Lightweight, strong metal with excellent corrosion resistance.	Use sharp, high-speed tools; maintain constant cooling to prevent thermal damage.	Coated carbide tools	Minimize vibrations; small depth of cuts is critical for tool longevity.
Solid Wood	Natural wood used for aesthetic and structural applications.	Use sharp, spiral cutters for smooth cuts and effective chip removal.	2-flute spiral upcut bits	Adjust feed rates to account for wood density; prevent burning with appropriate speed.
Softwoods	Light, less dense wood types like pine or cedar.	Use upcut spirals to ensure clean edges and efficient chip clearance.	High-speed steel bits	Avoid excessive speed to prevent frayed edges.
Hardwoods	Dense woods like oak or maple, known for durability.	Use downcut spirals to reduce surface tear-out; moderate feed rates are recommended.	Carbide-tipped spiral bits	Pre-drill holes to avoid splitting during routing.
Plywood	Engineered wood made from thin layers of veneer.	Use compression cutters to avoid delamination and achieve clean edges.	Compression router bit	Handle with care to avoid damaging veneer layers; suitable for flat panels.
MDF	Composite material made by breaking down wood fibers.	Use carbide bits to manage excessive dust production; lower speeds to prevent material burning.	Carbide-tipped router bits	Utilize dust collection systems to maintain a clean environment.
Polycarbonate	Durable, transparent plastic with high impact resistance.	Use sharp tools with cooling to prevent melting; high speeds with light passes are recommended.	Single-flute end mill	Avoid deep cuts to maintain edge quality and transparency.
PVC (Foamed/Solid)	Versatile plastic used in construction and piping.	Use single or low-flute cutters at moderate speeds; apply cooling to avoid melting.	Single-flute or V-groove bits	Ensure dust collection to handle fine particles generated during cutting.
Resins	Synthetic or natural compounds used in composites and coatings.	Use sharp, high-speed tools with light passes for smooth finishes.	Carbide-tipped bits	Experiment with feed rates based on resin hardness and brittleness.
Dibond®	Aluminum composite panel with a polyethylene core.	Use carbide tools with high cutting speeds for smooth edges.	Multi-flute cutters	Ensure clamping stability to avoid warping during cutting.
Nylon	Durable, synthetic polymer with high strength and flexibility.	Use single or double flute end mills at high speeds to prevent material melting.	Single or double-flute tools	Allow for cooling between passes to prevent overheating.
Bakelite	Heat-resistant early plastic made from phenol and formaldehyde.	Use carbide tools at moderate speeds; avoid heavy feed rates to minimize chipping.	Carbide-tipped tools	Pre-drill at low speeds to prevent fracturing in thicker sections.
OSB	Engineered wood similar to particleboard.	Use carbide-tipped blades; manage feed rates to prevent delamination.	Spiral bits	Handle with care, as edges may fray more easily than plywood.

3D Models

Mold by fatemmollaie on Sketchfab