| VII. - EXTRACTION PROCESS |¶

CHEMICAL EXTRACTION¶

Wool pretreatment
Chemical dissolution
Filtration
Centrifugation
Biuret reagent
Dialysis
Freeze-drying

1. WOOL PRETREATMENT¶

Timing	Difficulty	Safety
25 h	Low	Low

Tools - LAB VERSION¶

OPTION 01: Soxhlet extraction set, measuring cups, spoon, oven, plastic bags
OPTION 02: Lab padder, lab press, measuring cups, spoon, oven, plastic bags

Tools - FAB LAB VERSION¶

OPTION 03: Cooking roller, heatpress, dehydrator / oven, measuring cups, spoon, plastic bags (zipper)

Composite¶

a.	b.	c.
Acetone / Ethanol	Distilled Water	Wool
200 ml	50 ml	50 g

You can reuse the concentration.

Materials description¶

ACETONE¶

Acetone, propanone or dimethyl ketone, is an organic compound with the formula C3H6O. It is a colourless, highly volatile and flammable liquid with a characteristic pungent odour. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important organic solvent in its own right, in industry, home, and laboratory.

Chemical formula	Melting point	Molar mass	Density	Appearance	Solubility in water
C3H6O	-95°C	58,08 g/mol	784 kg/m³	colourless liquid	miscible

ETHANOL¶

is an organic chemical compound. It is a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C2H6O. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odor and pungent taste. Ethanol is naturally produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts or via petrochemical processes such as ethylene hydration. It has medical applications as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is used as a chemical solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds. Ethanol is a fuel source.

Chemical formula	Melting point	Molar mass	Density	Appearance	Solubility in water
C2H6O	−114.14 ± 0.03°C	46.069 g·mol−1	0.78945 g/cm³	colourless liquid	miscible

Process¶

OPTION 01 - IN THE LAB¶

Clean the wool with acetone or ethanol mixture solvent in Soxhlet extraction set for 48 h.
Then rinse it in distilled water and dry at 100°C for 12 h in an oven.

OPTION 03 - IN FABLAB¶

x

2. CHEMICAL DISSOLUTION¶

Timing	Difficulty	Safety
6 - 24 h	Medium	High

Important facts¶

pH
Temperature
Time

Tools¶

preheating magnetic stirrer, protective gloves, protective glasses, lab coat, measuring cups (lab), magnet, weight, spoon, funnel, kettle

Materials description¶

UREA¶

also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CH₄N₂O. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen (N) and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.

Chemical formula	Melting point	Molar mass	Density	Systematic name	Appearance	Solubility in water
CH₄N₂O	182 °C	76,12 g/mol	1.32 g/cm³	thiokarbonyldiamid	white solid	545 g/L (at 25 °C)

M-BISULFATE¶

Sodium bisulfate is an acid salt formed by partial neutralization of sulfuric acid by an equivalent of sodium base, typically in the form of either sodium hydroxide (lye) or sodium chloride (table salt).

Chemical formula	Melting point	Molar mass	Density	Appearance	Solubility in water
NaHSO₄	58.5°C	120.06 g/mol (anhydrous); 138.07 g/mol (monohydrate)	2.742 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 1.8 g/cm3 (monohydrate)	white solid	28.5 g/100 mL (25 °C) ; 100 g/100 mL (100 °C)

SODIUM HYDROXIDE¶

caustic soda - is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner.

Chemical formula	Melting point	Molar mass	Density	Appearance	Solubility in water
NaOH	323°C	39.9971 g mol−1	2.13 g/cm³	white, hard (when pure), opaque crystals	418 g/L (0 °C); 1000 g/L (25 °C); 3370 g/L (100 °C)

Composite¶

a.	b.	c.	d.	e.
Urea	M-bisulfite	NaOH	Distilled Water	Wool
8 %	0,5 %	1 %	90,5 %	-
54 g	3 g	6 g	600 ml	10 g

Process¶

x

Conclusion¶

a. Initial quantity	b. Extracted	c. Filtrated
600 ml	300 ml	290 ml

3. FILTRATION¶

Timing	Difficulty	Safety
1 h	Low	Low

What is it?

Tools¶

paper filters (better folded ones - coffee filters did not work out in this case), lab glass jar, funnel

Process¶

How it works?

4. CENTRIFUGE¶

Timing	Difficulty	Safety
15-20 min	Low	Medium

What is it?

Tools¶

lab tubes for centrifugation (25 ml with a cover), drill, 3D printed holder, screws, protective glasses, syringe

Process¶

How it works?

Conclusion¶

You have to properly stabilize the 3D print to the drill - avoid excessive torque. The lab tubes must be properly stabilized.

5. BIURET REAGENT¶

Timing	Difficulty	Safety
1 - 48 h	Medium	Low

Tools¶

weight, measuring cups, spoon, cokng stove / oven, 2 x cooking pots, paper filters, plate (for crystallzation), spoon, bottle (for the biuret solution), kettle

Composite of Biuret reagent¶

a.	b.	c.	d.
Copper sulphate	Sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle salt)	NaOH	Distilled water
1,5 g	6 g (in 500 ml of water)	23,4 g	1 l

Copper sulphate

Chemical formula	Melting point	Molar mass	Density	Appearance	Solubility in water
CuSO₄	110°C	159,609 g/mol	3.60 g/cm³	grey-white, blue	1.055 molal (10 °C)

Sodium potassium tartarate - Rochelle salt

Chemical formula	Melting point	Molar mass	Density	Appearance	Solubility in water
KNaC₄H₄O₆·4H2O	75°C	282.1 g/mol	1.79 g/cm³	Colorless, odorless monoclinic needles	26 g/100 mL (0°C); 66 g /100 mL(26°C)

Cream of tartar

Potassium bitartrate - also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, is a byproduct of winemaking. In cooking, it is known as cream of tartar. It is processed from the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid. The resulting powdery base can be used in baking or as a cleaning solution (when mixed with an acidic solution such as lemon juice or white vinegar).

Chemical formula	Melting point	Molar mass	Density	Appearance	Solubility in water
KC₄H5O₆	-	188.177 g/mol	1.05 g/cm³ (solid)	White crystalline powder	0.57 g/100ml (20°C)

In case that you do not have sodium potassium tartarate called also Rochelle salt, you can do it on your own. Following the recipe below.

Process¶

Mix the copper sulphate with Rochelle salts in 500 ml of cold distilled water. Till it will completely disolved.
Beside prepare solution of Sodium hydroxide - 2 Ml of NaOh : 375 ml of distilled water (hot).

1 L of 2.00 M NaOH solution contains 2.00 x (23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0) g NaOH --> 500 ml of 2.00 M NaOH solution contains 80 / 2 g NaOH = 40.0 g of NaOH
Let the soluion of sodium hydroxid to cool down.
Mix both the solution NaOH and copper sulphate in volumetric flask and make it final volume to 1000 ml by adding distilled water.

Composite of Rochelle salts¶

If you start with 500 g of baking soda or washing soda and 200 g of cream of tartar, you should collect around 210 grams of Rochelle salt.

a.	b.	c.
Baking soda or Washing soda	Cream of tartar	Distilled water (hot)
500 g	145 g	200 ml

Process¶

Place a pot on a cooking stove on the highest temperature and add baking soda. Keep stirring for 20-30 min.
Let the baking soda cool down and in the meantime prepare solution of cream of tartar.
Place one pot with water on the cooking stove and add a glass jar into it - to create a bath. Pour destilled water into the jar and preheat it a little.
After you can slowly add the cream of tartar. Stir it properly.
One by one with a spoon add the baking soda into the pot. A chemical reaction will appear. Do it slowly and wait till the reaction will sttol tto add another spoon.
Add more baking soda till you will see that no reaction appears again. What means that the solution is "full enough".
Also the white creamy solution of the cream of tartar will become transparent.
Filter the solution through a coffee filter and the rest pour into a flat pan or plate to crystallize. Do not forget to cover it with a piece of ppaper to avoid dust.
Usually it takes 2 days to grow crystals.
After you can dry them naturally or use a dehydrator for 2O min 30°C and crush them into small pieces so you can use them to mix with copper sulphate.

Crystallizing¶

Pricing¶

n.	Name	Price	Amount	Source
01	Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)	4,10 €	1 kg	Quimics Dalmau BCN
02	Distilled water	3-5 €	5 l	Fablab BCN
03	Copper sulphate	7,60 €	1 kg	Quimics Dalmau BCN
04	Baking soda	1,90 €	1 kg	Quimics Dalmau BCN
05	Cream of tartar	12,20 €	1 kg	Quimics Dalmau BCN
TOTAL	-	29,80 €	-	-

Result¶

NaOH composition - UNKNOWN
Urea composition - POSITIVE (purple)

Conclusion¶

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REFERENCE¶

6. DIALYSIS¶

Timing	Difficulty	Safety
2-3 days	Medium	Low

Tools¶

gloves, measuring glass cup, rubber band, cutter / scissors

Materials¶

n.	Name	Price	Amount	Source
01	Cow intestines (stomach)	16,59 €	1 piece	Cárnicas Teijeiro, Galícia
02	Distilled water	3-5 €	5 l	Fablab BCN
TOTAL	-	20 €	-	-

Process¶

Conclusion¶

You have to select a proper glass jar for the dialysis regarding to the size of animal intestines. It will need enough space and water around your "dialysing" membrane.

7. HYDROGEL PREPARATION¶

Timing	Difficulty	Safety
6 h	Low	Low

Tools¶

gloves, measuring glass cup, rubber band, cutter / scissors

Composition¶

a.	b.
Extraction	Glycerol
90 %	10 %

Process¶

7. CONCLUSION¶

n.	Activity	Price	Timing	Difficulty	Safety
01	Wool composition	x €	24 h	Low	Low
02	Chemical extraction	x €	6 h	Medium	High
03	Filtration	x €	1 h	Low	Low
04	Centrifuge	x €	15 min	Low	Medium
05	Biuret testing	x €	50 h	Medium	Low
06	Dialysis	x €	72 h	Medium	Low
07	Preparation of hydrogel	x €	6 h	Low	Low
TOTAL	-	6 d 15 h 15 min	-	-

Last update: 2022-05-10