XI. | IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS¶

| MATERIAL SCIENCE & RESEARCH |¶

Project presentation - Tuesday 07/12/2021

| ANIMAL PROTEIN FIBERS |¶

FEATHERS, HAIR, WOOL

| LIFE CYCLE OF MATERIALS |¶

TEXTILE INDUSTRY
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FOOD MASS PRODUCTION

| MATERIAL SCIENCE |¶

IDEAS¶

KERATIN¶

Extraction for biopolymer application - ionic liquids.

Evaluation of keratin extraction from wool by chemical methods

LIVING materials¶

Mycellium

MOTH¶

Tineola bisselliella larvae

Moths need a source of keratin, which is a protein that’s present in organic fibers, and – you guessed it – human hair. Clothes moths are unique, because few species in the animal kingdom are able to digest keratin. Any substance containing keratin in your home will be a target for the clothes moth’s next meal.

Why does moth eats clothing?

WOOL YARN coated witth alginate¶

Electrospun Sodium Alginate

| KERATIN |¶

KERATIN EXTRACTION METHODS¶

 - METHODS
  - 1. CHEMICAL
     - 1.1. REDUCTION
       - 1.1.1. thiol containing chemicals (_a._ L-Cysteine)
       - 1.1.2. sulfitolysis (_a._ sodium sulphite, _b._ bisulfite, _c._ disulfite)
     - 1.2. OXIDINATION
       - 1.2.1. Paracetic acid
       - 1.2.2. Performic acid
     - 1.3. HYDROLYSIS
       - 1.3.1. Sodium hydroxide
     - 1.4. IONIC LIQUIDS
   - 2. MICROBIAL & ENZYMATIC
     - 2.1. Gram negative bacteria (_a._ Stenorophmonas SP, _b._ Chryseobacterium SP, _c._ Vibrio SP)
     - 2.2. Gram positive bacteria (_a._ Bacillus SP, _b._ Kocuria rosea)
     - 2.3. Saprohytic and parasitic fungi
   - 3. SUPERCRITICAL WATER AND STEAM EXPLOSION
   - 4. MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

SOURCE: Keratin: dissolution, extraction and biomedical application, Amin Shavandi, Tiago H. Silva, Adnan A. Bekhit and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit, 2017, DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00411g, rsc.li/biomaterials-science

REDUCTION¶

is using reducing agents as thiols
has been the most reported technique to break the cystine disulfide bonds
disadvantages of being expensive and can be toxic and harmful
Sulfitolysis - sodium sulfide - 1. sulfitolysis step, 2. cysteine-sulfonate - both require the use of large amounts of urea as a protein denaturant, which can change the physicochemical properties of the final keratin.

OXIDATION¶

with oxidizing materials such as formic or peracetic acids being the most frequently used acids to form a sulfonic acid
a time-consuming process with more than 24 h

HYDROLYSIS¶

Alkali extraction - requires amounts of alkaline chemicals for hydrolysis and acids for neutralization
the primary chain of keratin is damaged

IONIC LIQUIDS¶

New green solvents - this process needs to be carried out under nitrogen, requires a precise temperature control, the raw material needs to be added in small portions to the hot liquid, and the obtained keratin is not water soluble.
Process:
SOURCE: A second life for low-grade wool through formation of all-keratin composites in cystine reducing calcium chloride–water–ethanol solution, Christa Fitz-Binder, Tung Pham and Thomas Bechtold, 2019, DOI 10.1002/jctb.6151, wileyonlinelibrary.com

L-CYSTEINE¶

L-Cysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCH(NH2)CH2SH. Due to the ability of thiols to undergo redox reactions, we used L-cysteine as a substitute for 2-mercaptoethanol which is a benchmark for extracting keratin because of good yield and undamaged keratin, but causes environmental harmfulness.

SOURCE: Extracting keratin from wool by using L-cysteine, K. Wang,a R. Li, J. H. Ma, Y. K. Jiana and J. N. Cheb, 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5gc01254f, www.rsc.org/greenchem

| TECHNOLOGIES |¶

Digital fabrication
Electro-spinning machine

Bio-3D printing¶

REFERENCE¶

Keratin 3D Bioprinting, Elliot Roth, 2016

Electro-spinning machine¶

REFERENCE¶

| APPLICATIONS OF KERATIN |¶

Hydrogels
... add more Petra

| TARGET |¶

Local farmers
Research centers
Biotechnology

Last update: 2022-01-10